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Categories available are: Androgens; Estrogens; Progesterone; Bone: Brain; Breast; Cardiovascular; Formulations; Menopausal Symptoms; Premenopause; Progestin; Safety; Uterus.
1. - Effects of specific post-menopausal hormone therapies on Bone mineral density in post-menopausal women: a meta-analysis. Doren M, Nilsson J-A, Johnell O.
Human Reprod 2003;18(8):1737-46.
Article on Pubmed
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2. - Effects of progesterone and 18-methyl levonorgestrel on osteoblastic cells. Liang M, Liao EY, Xu X, Luo XH, Xiao XH.
Endocr Res 2003;29(4):483-501.
The authors evaluated in this study the effects of progesterone (P4) and levonorgestrel (LNG) on markers of Bone growth, utilizing normal human osteoblasts as well as the osteosarcoma cell line, MG-63. Their study found that, compared with placebo, both P4 and LNG increased the proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblasts through osteocalcin gene transcription.
Article on Pubmed
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3. - Part 2 - The science behind bioidentical hormone replacement therapy. Wepfer ST.
Int J Pharm Compounding 2002;6(1):50-54
The author describes the differences between natural progesterone and the synthetic progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), saying that the number 1 problem in women's health care today is a lack of understanding about progesterone and a belief that it is the same thing as MPA. The benefits of progesterone on the heart and Bone are discussed.
Link to Abstract
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4. - Estriol (E3) replacement improves endothelial function and Bone mineral density in very elderly women. Hayashi T, Ito I, Kano H, Endo H, Iguchi A.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000;55(4):B183-90; discussion B191-3.
The effects of estrogen replacement on blood vessels and Bone in very elderly women are not well known because uterine bleeding is a problem when estradiol is given without progesterone. In this study, the weaker estrogen estriol was used because of its known safety when given without progesterone. In 24 women around 80 years old, all of whom were diagnosed with osteoporosis, half received 2 mg/day estriol for 6 months and the other half did not receive estriol. In the estriol treated group, endothelial function (a measure of cardiovascular health) and bone mineral density significantly improved compared to the control group. The estriol treatment increased both plasma estriol and estradiol levels, but uterine bleeding occurred in only 1 treated woman. The increase in bone resorption may have been due to the increase in plasma estradiol. The authors conclude that estriol is safe and effective for elderly patients.
Article on Pubmed
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5. - Safety and efficacy of oestriol for symptoms of natural or surgically induced menopause. Takahashi K, Okada M, Ozaki T, Kurioka H, Manabe A, Kanasaki H, Miyazaki K.
Hum Reprod 2000;15(5):1028-36.
The authors gave 2 mg/day oral estriol for one year to 53 postmenopausal women (aged 40-62). None of the patients stopped treatment due to side effects; level of satisfaction with the treatment increased throughout the study, and averaged at 85% in naturally menopausal women and 93% in surgically menopausal women by the end of the year. Menopausal symptoms were significantly reduced. No distinctive effects on Bone or lipid levels were seen. The authors suggest that estriol is a good choice of HRT to reduce symptoms in women who are not susceptible to osteoporosis or coronary artery disease.
Article on Pubmed
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6. - Urinary ovarian and gonadotropin hormone levels in premenopausal women with low Bone mass. Sowers M, Randolph JF Jr, Crutchfield M, Jannausch ML, Shapiro B, Zhang B, La Pietra M.
J Bone Miner Res 1998;13(7):1191-202.
Article on Pubmed
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7. - Progesterone and the prevention of osteoporosis. Prior JC, Vigna Y, Alojado N.
Canadian Journal of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Women's Health Care 1991; 3(4):178-84.
In this review article, the authors propose that cyclic progesterone both prevents Bone loss and acts as a bone-builder. The studies discussed focus on abnormal menstrual cycles as an important risk factor for osteoporotic fractures. Their conclusion is that the first step in preventing osteoporosis is treating ovulation disorders.
Not available on Pubmed
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8. - Progesterone as a Bone-trophic hormone. Prior JC.
Endocr Rev 1990; 11(2):386-98.
Article on Pubmed
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9. - Osteoporosis reversal; the role of progesterone. Lee JR.
International Clinical Nutrition Review 1990;10(3):384-91.
Transdermal progesterone supplementation with and without conjugated estrogens was evaluated in a clinical setting using 100 women aged 38 to 83 years. The average time from onset of menopause was 16 years. 63 women were followed for three years with dual photon absorptiometry. Treatment also included dietary changes, nutritional supplements, and exercise. All individuals followed showed an increase in Bone mineral density over the three years, with the greatest increase occurring in the first year. There was no difference noted between estrogen/progesterone and progesterone only groups. Subjective changes included increased libido, diminished hot flushes, reduced joint pain, and increased mobility and energy. No side effects were noted during treatment protocol.
Not available on Pubmed
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10. - Spinal Bone loss and ovulatory disturbances. Prior JC, Vigna YM, Schecter MI, Burgess AE.
N Engl J Med 1990; 323(18):1221-7.
A review of the available data indicates that progesterone acts to promote Bone metabolism. It appears to be independent of estrogen by either acting directly at progesterone receptors, or indirectly through competition at glucocorticoid receptors in the osteoblasts.
Article on Pubmed
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